Welcome to our Learning Hub

A clear guide to blockchain layers L0, L1, and L2 - how they work together and why they matter for scalability and interoperability.

Discover how transaction classification unlocks true parallelism in blockchain, increasing throughput, reducing fees, and enabling scalable dApps.

Explore the differences between stateless and stateful execution in modular blockchains, including impacts on scalability, security, and real-world L2 designs.

Learn why deterministic execution is critical for smart contracts. Discover how it ensures predictable outcomes, network consensus, and secure blockchain apps.

Learn how horizontal and vertical parallelization improve blockchain scalability and performance, and why they matter for modular execution layers.

Discover what parallel execution in blockchain means, how it boosts scalability and throughput, and its role in the future of decentralized technology.

Learn key blockchain performance metrics like TPS and latency, how to spot bottlenecks, and what to know about bridge security and cross-chain risks.

Learn the difference between TPS and finality, why both matter for blockchain performance, and how networks balance speed, security, and scalability.

Discover why blockchain networks struggle to scale. Learn about the technical limits, consensus bottlenecks, and emerging scalability solutions.

Atomic swaps enable trustless, direct cross-chain asset trades using hash timelock contracts. Learn the mechanics, security model, real implementations and more

Native interoperability enables blockchains to execute instructions across chains without bridges or wrappers. Learn the mechanics, security models, and more.

Learn how cross-chain messaging protocols like LayerZero, Axelar, and IBC enable seamless blockchain interoperability in Web3.